Outline structure of the argument in Federalist 10. Compare Madison’s basic assumptions about how to define "groups" with de Tocqueville’s definition a generation hence. Explore differences (in the U.S. system) between interest groups and "parties." Students should come to class with an outline of Federalist 10 in hand.

James Madison, "Federalist, Number 10," from The Federalist Papers.

Alexis de Tocqueville, "Political Associations in the United States," in Democracy in America, Chapter 10.

Jack L. Walker, Jr. 1991. Mobilizing Interest Groups in America, Chapter 2.

"Prohibition (A): Enactment. And Prohibition "Supplement" Kennedy School Case #492.

Familiarize students with nine basic models of politics: the Institutional model, the Process model, the Group model, the Elite model, the Rational Choice model, the Incremental model, the Game Theory model, Public Choice model, and the Systems model. Each student may be called on to discuss one of these models in some depth – expanding beyond the Dye reading.

Thomas R. Dye. 1995. Understanding Public Policy. 8^th Edition. Englewood Cliffs: NJ: Prentice Hall. Chapter 2.

Clem Miller. 1962. "The Walnut Growers and the Chicken Farmers." In John W. Baker, Ed., Members of the House: Letters of a Congressman. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

James M. Buchanan & Gordon Tullock. 1962. The Calculus of Consent. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Anthony Downs. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.

David Easton. 1965. A Framework for Political Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Charles E. Lindblom. 1959. "The Science of Muddling Through." Public Administration Review. 14:79-88.

R. Duncan Luce & Howard Raiffa. 1957. Games and Decisions. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

David B. Truman. 1954. The Governmental Process. New York: Knopf.

Map the size and terrain of the interest group system. We will pay particular attention to differences between groups representing the "nonprofit" sector of the economy and the "profit" sector of the economy. Students, following the Baumgartner reading, should come prepared with definitions of "group," "interest" and "membership."

Steven R. Smith & Michael Lipsky. 1993. Nonprofits for Hire: The Welfare State in the Age of Contracting. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Chapter 2.

Jack L. Walker, Jr. 1991. Mobilizing Interest Groups in America, Chapter 4. (A course text)

Frank R. Baumgartner & Beth L. Leech. 1998. Basic Interests. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Chapter 2.

Selections from Washington Representatives (Handed out in class).

Jonathan Rauch, "Demosclerosis," The National Journal, September 5, 1992, pgs. 1998-2003.

John P. Heinz, Edward O. Laumann, Robert L. Nelson & Robert H. Salisbury, The Hollow Core: Private Interests in National Policymaking, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), Chapters 9 & 10.

Kay Lehman Schlozman & John T. Tierney. 1986. Organized Interests and American Democracy. New York: Harper & Row. Chapters 4 – 6.

Understand the basic "Olsonian" dilemma, and explore solutions to it. Class discussion will focus on the kinds of incentives used to attract – and retain – members. Students should be ready to argue whether "new technologies" (such as the Internet) have the potential to reshape the basic calculus of group membership

Jack L. Walker, Jr. 1991. Mobilizing Interest Groups in America, Chapters 3 & 5. (A course text)

David C. King, "A Collective Action Game"

Mancur Olson. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Harvard University Press.

Robert H. Salisbury. 1969. "An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups." Midwest Journal of Political Science. 13:1-32.

John Mark Hansen. 1985. "The Political Economy of Group Membership." American Political Science Review. 79:79-96.

Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris, discussing advocacy in the legislative and executive branches.

Examine a case of the building of an interest group. Learn from practitioners. Students should come with a list of potentially-generalizable lessons from the Common Cause example in Mundo.

Philip A. Mundo. 1992. Interest Groups: Cases and Characteristics. Chapter 8.

A summary and full text of the Massachusetts Clean Elections Law

Ken White, Executive Director of Common Cause in Massachusetts.

Click here for Ken White's Bio

Discuss the origins of the nonprofit sector in the United States, and compare it with counterparts in other countries. Understand the basic tax liabilities and benefits confronting nonprofits. Contrast the assumptions in the nonprofits literature with those from the "Economic Models of Interest Groups" survey.

John G. Simon, "The Tax Treatment of Nonprofit organizations: A Review of Federal and State Policies," Chapter 5 in Walter W. Powell (ed.) 1987. The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook New Haven: Yale University Press.

James Douglas, "Political Theories of Nonprofit Organization," Chapter 3 in Walter W. Powell (ed.) 1987. The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook. New Haven: Yale University Press.

William C. Mitchell & Michael C. Munger, "Economic Models of Interest Groups: An Introductory Survey," American Journal of Political Science, 35 (May 1991):512-46.

Lester M. Salamon & Helmut K. Anheier. 1994. The Emerging Nonprofit Sector. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

George Stigler, "Economic Competition and Political Competition," Public Choice, 13 (1972):91-106.

Gary S. Becker, "A Theory of Competition among Pressure Groups for Political Influence." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98 (1983): 371-99.

Outline the fundamental elements of a lobbying campaign. Learn how to identify whom to lobby, and which approach (or approaches) to use – inside lobbying or outside. Apply the lessons in the discussion of the Mudflaps case.

Bob Smucker. 1991. The Nonprofit Lobbying Guide. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Pgs. 65-82, 103-110.

Ernest & Elisabeth Wittenberg. 1994. How to Win in Washington, 2^nd edition. Cambridge: Blackwell. Chapters 1 - 3.

"The Regulation of Mud Flaps," Kennedy School Case # 940.

Richard Hall & Frank Wayman. 1990. "Buying Time: Moneyed Interests and the Mobilization of Bias in Congressional Committees," American Political Science Review, 84: 797-820.

Marie Hojnacki. 1997. "Interest Groups’ Decisions to Join Alliances or Work Alone," American Journal of Political Science, 41: 61-87.

David Austen-Smith & John R. Wright. 1994. "Counteractive Lobbying. American Journal of Political Science, 38: 25-44.

Frank R. Baumgartner & Beth L. Leech. 1996. "The Multiple Ambiguities of Counteractive Lobbying." American Journal of Political Science, 41: 521-42.

Jeff Ballinger, Director, Press for Change, and Research Associate, KSG.

Review Ballinger's February 1998 testimony before the Department of Labor for bakground on his group and issues.

Hear from John Ashford about advocacy strategies and the relationships between private-sector and nonprofit-sector approaches.

Ernest & Elisabeth Wittenberg. How to Win in Washington. Cambridge: Blackwell. Chapters 4-11. (A course text)

Before coming to class: Brainstorm about grassroots strategies, listing as many as possible. Then, for each approach, explain why – given the way legislators, executives, and courts operate – the strategy may work. Explore the tension between "inside" and "outside" strategies evident in the Catastrophic Health Insurance case.

"Catastrophic Health Insurance for the Elderly." KSG Case # 1278.

On the Web: "How to Win Friends and Influence People," from PR Central

John Ashford, The Hawthorn Group, Alexandria, VA

Experience what it is like to visit with a member of Congress to lobby. These visits will be video taped for review at the next class.

John L. Zorack. 1990. The Lobbying Handbook. Washington, DC: Professional Lobbying and Consulting Center. Pgs. 743-770, with perspectives on lobbying by Marilyn Lloyd, Russell Long, Trent Lott, Robert McGlotten, Clark McGregor, Abner Mikva, and Joseph Miller.

Bruce C. Wolpe. 1990. Lobbying Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Michael T. Hayes. 1981. Lobbyists & Legislators.  New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

John R. Wright. 1996. Interest Groups & Congress. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Chapter 4.

Raymond A. Bauer, Ithiel de Sola Pool, Lewis Anthony Dexter. 1972. American Business & Public Policy. 2^nd Edition. New York: Aldine Publishing. Prologue & Chapter 32.

Senator David Pryor.

Watch video of the lobbing visits. Have the class reflect on what worked "well" and what did not. Hand out copies of the "best practices" materials from groups that did particularly well.

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Have the students summarize each of the basic theoretical approaches to understanding (1) why interest groups exist, (2) how they are maintained, and (3) what impact they have on public policy. Students should come to class with drafts of their final papers – which integrate theory and a specific case.

Burdett A. Loomis & Allan J. Cigler. 1995. "The Changing Nature of Interest Group Politics." In Loomis & Cigler (eds.), Interest Group Politics, 4^th Edition. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Frank R. Baumgartner & Beth L. Leech. 1998. Basic Interests. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Chapter 1.

Complete course evaluations. Open discussion among students regarding their approaches in the "prohibition" paper. Turn in the papers

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